Case Studies

Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta cells in the pancreas, playing a vital role in managing blood sugar levels. It is commonly used in the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. There are two main forms of insulin: R and N. Insulin R is the natural, short-acting form, while insulin N is an intermediate-acting insulin, offering longer-lasting effects that can cover a full day. The 70/30 formulation combines both insulin N and insulin R, providing a balanced approach to blood sugar regulation.

Liraglutide (Victoza) is an antidiabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes, assist with chronic weight management, and support obesity treatment. It is a lipopeptide and an analogue of human glucagon-like peptide, aimed at improving glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Semaglutide (Wegovy and Ozempic) is a medication for managing type 2 diabetes. It acts as a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, helping improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Lanreotide (Somatuline) is used to treat acromegaly, a condition caused by excess growth hormone production. It is a synthetic octapeptide hormone that helps regulate and suppress the overproduction of growth hormones in the body.

Follicle stimulating hormone (Follitropin) is a gonadotropin used to stimulate follicle growth, aiding in egg fertilization. It is commonly used to treat infertility in women whose ovaries cannot produce enough FSH to mature eggs. Follitropin consists of two non-covalently linked subunits: alpha and beta.

Leuprolide (Lupron) is a synthetic peptide with nine residues, and an analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It is primarily used to treat prostate cancer and endometriosis by regulating hormone production.

Calcitonin is a peptide hormone that helps reduce blood calcium levels by counteracting the effects of parathyroid hormone, thus playing a key role in calcium homeostasis.

Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is a monoclonal antibody specifically designed to target human epidermal growth factor receptors. It is commonly used to treat metastatic breast cancer, gastroesophageal cancer, and gastric cancer.

Glucagon (Gvoke) is a 29-amino acid hormone used to treat hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus by raising blood glucose levels.

Teriparatide (Forteo) is a synthetic form of parathyroid hormone, consisting of a 34-amino acid peptide derived from the first 1-34 amino acids of the parathyroid hormone. It is used for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Icatibant (Firazyr) is a synthetic peptidomimetic drug composed of 10 amino acids. As an antagonist of bradykinin B2 receptors, it is used to treat acute swelling and inflammation associated with hereditary angioedema.

Pramlintide (Symlin) is a synthetic hormone and an analogue of amylin, a 37-amino acid peptide. It is an injectable drug used to lower blood glucose levels and is prescribed for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Vasopressin is a peptide hormone used to treat antidiuretic hormone deficiency, helping to regulate water balance in the body.

Rituximab (Rituxan) is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, primarily found on B cells. It is used to treat autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and certain cancers, including non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) is an immunomodulator medication used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. It is a heterogeneous mixture of synthetic polypeptides.

Cetrorelix (Cetrotide) and Ganirelix are synthetic hormones, decapeptides, and antagonists of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). They are used to treat infertility in women by preventing premature ovulation.